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The final revised documentation for PDF 1.7 was approved by ISO Technical Committee 171 in January 2008 and published as ISO 32000-1:2008 on July 1, 2008, and titled Document management – Portable document format – Part 1: PDF 1.7. ISO 32000-1:2008 is the first ISO standard for full function PDF.
Linearized PDF files (also called "optimized" or "web optimized" PDF files) are constructed in a manner that enables them to be read in a Web browser plugin without waiting for the entire file to download, since all objects required for the first page to display are optimally organized at the start of the file. [26]
The first modern theory of software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem). [ 4 ] This eventually led to the creation of the twin academic fields of computer science and software engineering , which both study software and its creation.
The integrated circuit is an essential invention to produce modern software systems. [2] The first use of the word software is credited to mathematician John Wilder Tukey in 1958. [3] The first programmable computers, which appeared at the end of the 1940s, [4] were programmed in machine language.
Timeline of computing presents events in the history of computing organized by year and grouped into six topic areas: predictions and concepts, first use and inventions, hardware systems and processors, operating systems, programming languages, and new application areas.
Since 2000, software written for X almost always uses some widget toolkit written on top of X, like Qt or GTK. [citation needed] In 2010, Canonical released the first version of Unity, a replacement for the prior default desktop environment for Ubuntu, GNOME. This change to a new, under-development desktop environment and user interface was ...
It was the first functional prototype of a computer scaled down to be optimized and priced for the individual user (about $43,600 – equivalent to $439,200 in 2023). Used for the first time at the National Institutes of Mental Health in Bethesda, Maryland in 1963. Many consider it to be the first personal computer, despite the big dimension of ...
The use of rapid-prototyping evolved to entire lightweight methodologies, such as Extreme Programming (XP), which attempted to simplify many areas of software engineering, including requirements gathering and reliability testing for the growing, vast number of small software systems. Very large software systems still used heavily documented ...