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In artificial neural networks, a convolutional layer is a type of network layer that applies a convolution operation to the input. Convolutional layers are some of the primary building blocks of convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a class of neural network most commonly applied to images, video, audio, and other data that have the property of uniform translational symmetry.
In neural networks, each neuron receives input from some number of locations in the previous layer. In a convolutional layer, each neuron receives input from only a restricted area of the previous layer called the neuron's receptive field. Typically the area is a square (e.g. 5 by 5 neurons).
Typically, neurons are aggregated into layers. Different layers may perform different transformations on their inputs. Signals travel from the first layer (the input layer) to the last layer (the output layer), possibly passing through multiple intermediate layers (hidden layers). A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at ...
A bottleneck block [1] consists of three sequential convolutional layers and a residual connection. The first layer in this block is a 1x1 convolution for dimension reduction (e.g., to 1/2 of the input dimension); the second layer performs a 3x3 convolution; the last layer is another 1x1 convolution for dimension restoration.
A convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet or shift invariant or space invariant) is a class of deep network, composed of one or more convolutional layers with fully connected layers (matching those in typical ANNs) on top. [17] [18] It uses tied weights and pooling layers. In particular, max-pooling. [19]
In digital image processing convolutional filtering plays an important role in many important algorithms in edge detection and related processes (see Kernel (image processing)) In optics, an out-of-focus photograph is a convolution of the sharp image with a lens function. The photographic term for this is bokeh.
AlexNet contains eight layers: the first five are convolutional layers, some of them followed by max-pooling layers, and the last three are fully connected layers. The network, except the last layer, is split into two copies, each run on one GPU. [1] The entire structure can be written as
The Recurrent layer is used for text processing with a memory function. Similar to the Convolutional layer, the output of recurrent layers are usually fed into a fully-connected layer for further processing. See also: RNN model. [6] [7] [8] The Normalization layer adjusts the output data from previous layers to achieve a regular distribution ...