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  2. Skewness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness

    The distribution is said to be left-skewed, left-tailed, or skewed to the left, despite the fact that the curve itself appears to be skewed or leaning to the right; left instead refers to the left tail being drawn out and, often, the mean being skewed to the left of a typical center of the data. A left-skewed distribution usually appears as a ...

  3. Data transformation (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_transformation...

    The logarithm transformation and square root transformation are commonly used for positive data, and the multiplicative inverse transformation (reciprocal transformation) can be used for non-zero data. The power transformation is a family of transformations parameterized by a non-negative value λ that includes the logarithm, square root, and ...

  4. Concept drift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concept_drift

    In predictive analytics, data science, machine learning and related fields, concept drift or drift is an evolution of data that invalidates the data model.It happens when the statistical properties of the target variable, which the model is trying to predict, change over time in unforeseen ways.

  5. Skewed generalized t distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewed_generalized_t...

    where is the beta function, is the location parameter, > is the scale parameter, < < is the skewness parameter, and > and > are the parameters that control the kurtosis. and are not parameters, but functions of the other parameters that are used here to scale or shift the distribution appropriately to match the various parameterizations of this distribution.

  6. Transformer (deep learning architecture) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_(deep_learning...

    For many years, sequence modelling and generation was done by using plain recurrent neural networks (RNNs). A well-cited early example was the Elman network (1990). In theory, the information from one token can propagate arbitrarily far down the sequence, but in practice the vanishing-gradient problem leaves the model's state at the end of a long sentence without precise, extractable ...

  7. Homoscedasticity and heteroscedasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoscedasticity_and...

    Homoscedastic distributions are especially useful to derive statistical pattern recognition and machine learning algorithms. One popular example of an algorithm that assumes homoscedasticity is Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. The concept of homoscedasticity can be applied to distributions on spheres. [27]

  8. Machine learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_learning

    A support-vector machine is a supervised learning model that divides the data into regions separated by a linear boundary. Here, the linear boundary divides the black circles from the white. Supervised learning algorithms build a mathematical model of a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs. [47]

  9. Feature engineering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_engineering

    Feature engineering in machine learning and statistical modeling involves selecting, creating, transforming, and extracting data features. Key components include feature creation from existing data, transforming and imputing missing or invalid features, reducing data dimensionality through methods like Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and Linear ...