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Groundwater-related subsidence is the subsidence (or the sinking) of land resulting from unsustainable groundwater extraction.It is a growing problem in the developing world as cities increase in population and water use, without adequate pumping regulation and enforcement.
Subsidence frequently causes major problems in karst terrains, where dissolution of limestone by fluid flow in the subsurface creates voids (i.e., caves).If the roof of a void becomes too weak, it can collapse and the overlying rock and earth will fall into the space, causing subsidence at the surface.
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Drivers, processes, and impacts of sinking cities [1]. Sinking cities are urban environments that are in danger of disappearing due to their rapidly changing landscapes.The largest contributors to these cities becoming unlivable are the combined effects of climate change (manifested through sea level rise, intensifying storms, and storm surge), land subsidence, and accelerated urbanization. [2]
Land subsidence is a global issue and has different causes. Some are natural, like earthquakes , and some are caused by humans. In the United States, land subsidence from over pumping has affected 45 states and accounts for changes in over 17,000 square miles of land which is an area almost 10 times the size of Glacier National Park in Montana ...
Nearly half of China’s urban areas comprising 29% of the country’s population are sinking faster than 3 millimeters per year, according to a new study.
When groundwater is extracted from an aquifer, a cone of depression is created around the well.As the drafting of water continues, the cone increases in radius. Extracting too much water (overdrafting) can lead to negative impacts such as a drop of the water table, land subsidence, and loss of surface water reaching the streams.
The Intergovernmental Council for the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) created a Working Group on Land Subsidence for liaison of IHP subproject 8.4, "Investigation on land subsidence due to ground-water exploitation." in April 1975. [2] This first WGLS was composed by: Mr. Joseph F. Poland, Chairman. U.S. Geological Survey, USA. (Chair)