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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Typical cleaning cycles are completed in 12 minutes. [4] Alfa Laval Gamajet device after cleaning ketchup tank. The Butterworth Type K machine is widely used. [1] This model can clean a tank of up to 10,000,000 US gallons (38,000 m 3). [1] It uses water with a pressure up to 250 psi (1,700 kPa) and a temperature of up to 250 °F (121 °C). [1]
The reduction of blowdown by dealkalization keeps the water treatment chemicals in the boiler longer, thus minimizing the amount of chemicals required for efficient, noncorrosive operation. [2] Carbonate and bicarbonate alkalinities are decomposed by heat in boiler water releasing carbon dioxide into the steam.
The surrounding egg white floats perfectly around the yolk, membrane intact. One of the divers was even able to make the egg 'dance' around by manipulating the current of the water around it.
Spent backwash water is either discharged without treatment to a sanitary sewer system or is treated and recycled within the plant. [4]: 22.37–22.40 Historically, backwash water was discharged directly to surface water supplies; however, direct discharge is now highly regulated through NPDES discharge permits and is often discouraged. Used ...
Complete removal of ions from water is possible if the right conditions are met. The water is normally pre-treated with a reverse osmosis unit to remove non-ionic organic contaminants, and with gas transfer membranes to remove carbon dioxide. A water recovery of 99% is possible if the concentrate stream is fed to the RO inlet.
Crude oil washing (COW) is washing out the residue from the oil tanker using the crude oil cargo itself, after the cargo tanks have been emptied. Crude oil is pumped back and preheated in the slop tanks, then sprayed back via high pressure nozzles in the cargo tanks onto the walls of the tank. Due to the sticky nature of the crude oil, the oil ...
For the first two nest residues (I and i+1) the mainchain atoms are shown and for the third residue only (i+2) the mainchain nitrogen is shown. Hydrogens are omitted. Typically an egg oxygen is hydrogen bonded to the NHs of residues I and i+2, but other hydrogen bondd arrangements occur. Oxygens are red; nitrogens blue and carbons grey.