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Ephedrine works by inducing the release of norepinephrine and hence indirectly activating the α-and β-adrenergic receptors. [11] Chemically, ephedrine is a substituted amphetamine and is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of β-hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine. [14] Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.
Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist, Lazăr Edeleanu, who named the drug phenylisopropylamine. [4] [3] [18] [2] This concoction was one of a series of compounds related to the plant derivative ephedrine, which had been isolated from the Chinese ephedra plant that same year by Nagai Nagayoshi. [6]
The Ebers Papyrus – one of the most important medical papyri of ancient Egypt – was written around 1550 BCE, and covers more than 700 drugs, mainly of plant origin. [7] The first references to pills were found on papyri in ancient Egypt, and contained bread dough, honey, or grease.
Bottle of ephedrine, an alkaloid found in ephedra. Ephedra is a medicinal preparation from the plant Ephedra sinica. [1] Several additional species belonging to the genus Ephedra have traditionally been used for a variety of medicinal purposes, and are a possible candidate for the soma plant of Indo-Iranian religion. [2]
Synthesis of methamphetamine from ephedrine in 1893. Methamphetamine was later synthesized in crystalline form in 1919 by Akira Ogata. Isolation of rotenone from Derris elliptica in 1902. Nagayoshi named the substance after the Japanese name for the plant, roten. Synthesis and structural elucidation of ephedrine in 1929.
Ephedra (US-specific page on ephedrine-containing dietary supplements, observed (negative) health effects of these, and corresponding regulatory actions toward them) List of herbs with known adverse effects
Ephedra is the origin of the name of the stimulant ephedrine, which the plants contain in significant concentration. Ephedra fragilis pollen cones Ephedra distachya : ripe female cones with seeds Ephedra ciliata seed
Ephedrine is the precursor of synthetic amphetamines. The diastereomer of ephedrine, pseudoephedrine is found in Ephedra sinica together along with ephedrine. Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine are both generally used for weight reduction and performance enhancement. They can also be reduced to methamphetamine. [2]