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Elevated levels are also associated with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease; it was found that elevated levels are associated with elevated serum C-reactive protein (CRP), which could reflect an inflammatory and atherogenic milieu, possibly an alternative cause for elevated serum alkaline phosphatase.
High alkaline phosphatase levels can occur if the bile ducts are obstructed. [58] Also, the level of alkaline phosphatase increases if there is active bone formation occurring, as the enzyme is a byproduct of osteoblast activity (such as the case in Paget's disease of bone). [59]
ALP level can be elevated due to bone turnover. Additionally further tests can be completed to rule out other causes and complications of hyperparathyroidism including a 24-hour urinary calcium for familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, DEXA scan to evaluate for osteoporosis, osteopenia, or fragility fractures, and genetic testing.
Hyperphosphatemia is an electrolyte disorder in which there is an elevated level of phosphate in the blood. [1] Most people have no symptoms while others develop calcium deposits in the soft tissue. [1] The disorder is often accompanied by low calcium blood levels, which can result in muscle spasms. [1]
Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, ... Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 0.6 [5] 1.8 [5]
Alkaline phosphatase, placental type is a membrane-bound glycosylated dimeric enzyme, also referred to as the heat-stable form, that is expressed primarily in the placenta, although it is closely related to the intestinal form of the enzyme as well as to the placental-like form.
Alkaline phosphatase allows for mineralization of calcium and phosphorus by bones and teeth. [21] ALPL gene mutation leads to insufficient TNAP enzyme and allows for an accumulation of chemicals such as inorganic pyrophosphate [21] to indirectly cause elevated calcium levels in the body and lack of bone calcification.
The clinical diagnosis can be established if the patient has repeatedly elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase activity in the blood serum and exhibits intellectual disability. Supportive for the clinical diagnosis are epilepsies, brachydactyly and a characteristic facial gestalt, which can also be assessed by means of AI. [7]