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2. Multifaceted reflector - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector

   These lamps use a bi-pin connector for power: 12-volt MR11 bulbs usually use a GU4 base, and 12-volt MR16 bulbs usually use a GU5.3 base. The common 12-volt MR16 lamps, therefore, require a ferromagnetic or electronic transformer—sometimes misnamed as a ballast—to convert the 120- or 230-volt mains voltage to the extra-low voltage required ...

3. Bi-pin lamp base - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base

   Halogen 120 V (US) / 230 V (EU), also used for LED lamps. G9.5: 7004-70-2: 9.5 mm: 3.10–3.25 mm Common for theatre use, several variants GU10: 7004-121-2: 10 mm: 5 mm Twist-lock 120/230-volt MR16 halogen lighting of 35/50 watt, since the mid-2000s. Also used for compact fluorescents and LED lamps. GZ10: 7004-120-1: 10 mm: Twist-lock 120/230 ...

4. LED lamp - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_lamp

   LED lamps are made with standard lamp connections and shapes, such as an Edison screw base, an MR16 shape with a bi-pin base, or a GU5.3 (bi-pin cap) or GU10 (bayonet fitting) and are made compatible with the voltage supplied to the sockets.

5. Parabolic aluminized reflector - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector

   Sealed beam PAR lamp. When the lamp burns out or breaks, the whole assembly must be replaced. A PAR lamp consists of a light source, with lens and a parabolic reflector with a smooth aluminium surface determining the spread of the beam. The most common sealed beam type combines these three elements into an integral unit.

6. Fluorescent-lamp formats - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent-lamp_formats

   Coverage of the reflector ranges from 120° to 310° of the lamp's circumference. Reflector lamps are used when light is only desired to be emitted in a single direction, or when an application requires the maximum amount of light. For example, these lamps can be used in tanning beds or in backlighting electronic displays. An internal reflector ...

7. Light-emitting diode - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode

   To encourage the shift to LED lamps and other high-efficiency lighting, in 2008 the US Department of Energy created the L Prize competition. The Philips Lighting North America LED bulb won the first competition on August 3, 2011, after successfully completing 18 months of intensive field, lab, and product testing. [97]