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A variant first described by Claude Shannon provides an argument about the game-theoretic value of chess: he proposes allowing the move of “pass”. In this variant, it is provable with a strategy stealing argument that the first player has at least a draw thus: if the first player has a winning move in the initial position, let him play it, else pass.
Four-player chess (also known as four-handed chess) is a family of chess variants played with four people. The game features a special board typically made of a standard 8×8 square, with 3 rows of 8 cells each extending from each side, and requires two sets of differently colored pieces.
Staunton style chess pieces. Left to right: king, rook, queen, pawn, knight, bishop. The rules of chess (also known as the laws of chess) govern the play of the game of chess. Chess is a two-player abstract strategy board game. Each player controls sixteen pieces of six types on a chessboard. Each type of piece moves in a distinct way.
Chess initial position. The game of chess is commonly divided into three phases: the opening, middlegame, and endgame. [1] There is a large body of theory regarding how the game should be played in each of these phases, especially the opening and endgame.
In chess, a tactic is a sequence of moves that each makes one or more immediate threats – a check, a material threat, a checkmating sequence threat, or the threat of another tactic – that culminates in the opponent's being unable to respond to all of the threats without making some kind of concession.
The number of legal positions in chess is estimated to be (4.59 ± 0.38) × 10 44 with a 95% confidence level, [155] with a game-tree complexity of approximately 10 123. The game-tree complexity of chess was first calculated by Claude Shannon as 10 120, a number known as the Shannon number. [156]
For infinite chess, it has been found that the mate-in-n problem is decidable; that is, given a natural number n and a player to move and the positions (such as on ) of a finite number of chess pieces that are uniformly mobile and with constant and linear freedom, there is an algorithm that will answer if there is a forced checkmate in at most n moves. [11]
Scholar's mate was named and described in The Royall Game of Chesse-Play, a 1656 text by Francis Beale which adapted the work of the early chess writer Gioachino Greco. [1] The example given above is an adaptation of that reported by Beale. The Schollers Mate. White kings pawne one house. Black kings pawne the same.