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The term nirvana in the soteriological sense of "blown out, extinguished" state of liberation appears at many places in the Vedas and even more in the post-Buddhist Bhagavata Purana, however populist opinion does not give credit to either the Vedas or the Upanishads. Collins states, "the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it nirvana."
The Nirvana Upanishad (Sanskrit: निर्वाण उपनिषत्, IAST: Nirvāṇa Upaniṣad) is an ancient sutra-style Sanskrit text and a minor Upanishad of Hinduism. [8] The text is attached to the Rig Veda , [ 4 ] and is one of the 20 Sannyasa (renunciation) Upanishads. [ 9 ]
The political philosophy most closely associated with modern India is the one of ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha, popularised by Mahatma Gandhi during the Indian struggle for independence. In turn it influenced the later independence and Civil Rights movements, especially those led by Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
According to the Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra (also called the Nirvana Sutra), the Buddha taught that parinirvāṇa is the realm of the Eternal, Bliss, the Self, and the Pure. Dr. Paul Williams states that it depicts the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics. [7]
The term nirvana is part of an extensive metaphorical structure that was probably established at a very early age in Buddhism. It is "the most common term used by Buddhists to describe a state of freedom from suffering and rebirth," [13] but its etymology may not be conclusive for its meaning. [14]
The introduction of yoga to the Western world is often credited to Swami Vivekananda, a Hindu teacher who spoke to the World’s Parliament of Religions in Chicago in 1893.
Technically, the death of an Arhat is called their nirvāṇa, as he has ended his worldly existence and attained liberation. Moksha (liberation) follows nirvāṇa. However, the terms moksa and nirvana are often used interchangeably in the Jain texts. [16] [17] An Arhat becomes a siddha, the liberated one, after attaining nirvana.
However arihants are accessible for spiritual guidance of human society until their nirvana. The Dravyasaṃgraha , a major Jain text , states: Having destroyed the four inimical varieties of karmas ( ghātiyā karmas ), possessed of infinite faith, happiness, knowledge and power, and housed in most auspicious body ( paramaudārika śarīra ...