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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1-adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
[23] [24] These effects are mainly seen when the person is in the upright position. [26] Long term labetalol use also has different effects from other beta blockers. Other beta blockers, such as propranolol, persistently reduce cardiac output during exercise. The peripheral vascular resistance decreases when labetalol is first administered.
The neuropsychiatric side effects of some beta blockers (e.g. sleep disruption, insomnia) may be due to this effect. [99] Some pre-clinical and clinical research suggests that some beta blockers may be beneficial for cancer treatment. [100] [101] However, other studies do not show a correlation between cancer survival and beta blocker usage.
Eplerenone may have a lower incidence than spironolactone of sexual side effects such as feminization, gynecomastia, impotence, low sex drive and reduction of size of male genitalia. [18] This is because other antimineralocorticoids have structural elements of the progesterone molecule, causing progestogenic and antiandrogenic outcomes. [ 4 ]
Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, [7] including tachyarrhythmias, high blood pressure, angina, and heart failure.
As with other β-blockers, it is generally a less preferred treatment for high blood pressure. [6] It may be used by itself or with other blood pressure medication. [6] It is taken by mouth. [6] Common side effects include dizziness, feeling tired, nausea, and headaches. [6] Serious side effects may include heart failure and bronchospasm. [6]
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Common adverse effects of bupropion with the greatest difference from placebo are dry mouth, nausea, constipation, insomnia, anxiety, tremor, and excessive sweating. [10] [11] Raised blood pressure is notable. [23] Rare but serious side effects include seizures, [10] [11] liver toxicity, [24] psychosis, [25] and risk of overdose. [26]