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Rates of asymptomatic bacteria in the urine among men over 75 are between 7–10%. [11] 2–10% of pregnant women have asymptomatic bacteria in the urine and higher rates are reported in women who live in some underdeveloped countries. [110] Urinary tract infections may affect 10% of people during childhood. [7]
Bacteriuria is assumed if a single bacterial species is isolated in a concentration greater than 100,000 colony forming units per millilitre of urine in clean-catch midstream urine specimens. [16] In urine samples obtained from women, there is a risk for bacterial contamination from the vaginal flora.
Pyuria is the condition of urine containing white blood cells or pus. Defined as the presence of 6-10 or more neutrophils per high power field of unspun, voided mid-stream urine, it can be a sign of a bacterial urinary tract infection. Pyuria may be present in people with sepsis, or in older people with pneumonia.
Pregnant women are also at higher risk of developing UTI's, and in pregnant women, the development of UTI's can be quite dangerous; thus, it is highly advised for pregnant women to seek immediate care if experiencing significant signs and symptoms of a UTI. [28] Purple urine bag syndrome typically occurs as a result of bacterial infections.
In men, 2-3 cases per 10,000 are treated as outpatients and 1-2 cases/10,000 require admission. [36] Young women are most often affected. Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical changes and hormonal status. [36] Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is most common in middle-aged women. [25]
This occurs in between 0.6 and 3% of infected women and 0.4 and 0.7% of infected men. [19] In men, inflammation of the epididymis, prostate gland, and urethra can result from untreated gonorrhea. [70] In women, the most common result of untreated gonorrhea is pelvic inflammatory disease.
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Urinalysis is a test that studies urine for abnormal substances such as protein or signs of infection. [35] A Full Ward Test, also known as dipstick urinalysis, involves the dipping of a biochemically active test strip into the urine specimen to determine levels of tell-tale chemicals in the urine. [36]