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Fire salamanders are indigenous to central Europe and reside in deciduous forests. Salamander secretions have been shown to be toxic and distasteful to mammals, birds, fishes, and even other amphibians. It has also been suggested that this alkaloid helps to prevent the salamander from contracting bacterial and fungal infections. [1] [2]
The fire salamander's primary alkaloid toxin, samandarin, causes strong muscle convulsions and hypertension combined with hyperventilation in all vertebrates. Through an analysis of the European fire salamander’s skin secretions, scientists have determined that another alkaloid, such as samandarone, is also released by the salamander. [14]
The pathogen, unidentified up to then, had devastated fire salamander populations in the Netherlands. Molecular phylogenetics confirmed it as related to the well known chytrid B. dendrobatidis. Like this species, it causes chytridiomycosis, which is manifested in skin lesions and is lethal for the salamanders. [1]
A skin-eating fungus is now a severe threat to salamander populations in Europe, according to a new study. Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans, or Bs, is deadly to almost all salamanders but appears ...
The parotoid gland (alternatively, paratoid gland) is an external skin gland on the back, neck, and shoulder of some frogs (especially toads), and salamanders. It can secrete a number of milky alkaloid substances (depending on the species) known collectively as bufotoxins , which act as neurotoxins to deter predation .
Salamandridae is a family of salamanders consisting of true salamanders and newts. Salamandrids are distinguished from other salamanders by the lack of rib or costal grooves along the sides of their bodies and by their rough skin. Their skin is very granular because of the number of poison glands. They also lack nasolabial grooves.
A mental gland is a part of the body found in many species of amphibians and reptiles. Mental glands produce chemicals that conspecific animals use to communicate . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
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