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A small amount of bar iron was converted into steel. Cast iron was used for pots, stoves, and other items where its brittleness was tolerable. Most cast iron was refined and converted to bar iron, with substantial losses. Bar iron was made by the bloomery process, which was the predominant iron smelting process until the late 18th century.
The history of environmental pollution traces human-dominated ecological systems from the earliest civilizations to the present day. [1] This history is characterized by the increased regional success of a particular society , followed by crises that were either resolved, producing sustainability , or not, leading to decline.
1900 The 1900 Galveston hurricane hits Galveston, Texas and reverses the city's previously rapid growth. 1906 San Francisco earthquake causes collapse of insurance markets and the Panic of 1907. [21] 1908 Tunguska event decimates a remote part of Siberia. 1914 1918 World War I, which involves heavy bombardment, explosions, and poison gas ...
1970 — Earth Day – April 22., millions of people gather in the United States for the first Earth Day organized by Gaylord Nelson, former senator of Wisconsin, and Denis Hayes, Harvard graduate student. — US Environmental Protection Agency established. — Francis A. Schaeffer publishes Pollution and the Death of Man.
Author Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) made key philosophical contributions that exalted nature. Thoreau was interested in peoples' relationship with nature and studied this by living close to nature in a simple life. He published his experiences in the book Walden, which argued that people should become intimately close with nature. [56]
In 1967, Roderick Nash published Wilderness and the American Mind, a work that has become a classic text of early environmental history.In an address to the Organization of American Historians in 1969 (published in 1970) Nash used the expression "environmental history", [4] although 1972 is generally taken as the date when the term was first coined. [5]
An AI-powered toilet seat has been named by Time Magazine as one of the top 200 inventions of 2024. It optically scans a user’s stool and urine, to detect any concerning changes that might ...
Engineers during World War Two test a model of a Halifax bomber in a wind tunnel, an invention that dates back to 1871.. The following is a list and timeline of innovations as well as inventions and discoveries that involved British people or the United Kingdom including the predecessor states before the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland.