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In a vector space, the additive inverse −v (often called the opposite vector of v) has the same magnitude as v and but the opposite direction. [11] In modular arithmetic, the modular additive inverse of x is the number a such that a + x ≡ 0 (mod n) and always exists. For example, the inverse of 3 modulo 11 is 8, as 3 + 8 ≡ 0 (mod 11). [12]
A free module is a module that can be represented as a direct sum over its base ring, so free abelian groups and free -modules are equivalent concepts: each free abelian group is (with the multiplication operation above) a free -module, and each free -module comes from a free abelian group in this way. [21]
Although additive combinatorics is a fairly new branch of combinatorics (the term additive combinatorics was coined by Terence Tao and Van H. Vu in their 2006 book of the same name), a much older problem, the Cauchy–Davenport theorem, is one of the most fundamental results in this field.
The multiplicative identity 1 and its additive inverse −1 are always units. More generally, any root of unity in a ring R is a unit: if r n = 1, then r n−1 is a multiplicative inverse of r. In a nonzero ring, the element 0 is not a unit, so R × is not closed under addition.
The axioms of modules imply that (−1)x = −x, where the first minus denotes the additive inverse in the ring and the second minus the additive inverse in the module. Using this and denoting repeated addition by a multiplication by a positive integer allows identifying abelian groups with modules over the ring of integers.
Logarithms and exponentials with the same base cancel each other. This is true because logarithms and exponentials are inverse operations—much like the same way multiplication and division are inverse operations, and addition and subtraction are inverse operations.
Under addition, a ring is an abelian group, which means that addition is commutative and associative; it has an identity, called the additive identity, and denoted 0; and every element x has an inverse, called its additive inverse and denoted −x. Because of commutativity, the concepts of left and right inverses are meaningless since they do ...
In particular, a semiadditive category is additive if and only if every morphism has an additive inverse. This shows that the addition law for an additive category is internal to that category. [1] To define the addition law, we will use the convention that for a biproduct, p k will denote the projection morphisms, and i k will denote the ...
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