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Evapotranspiration (ET) refers to the combined processes which move water from the Earth's surface (open water and ice surfaces, bare soil and vegetation) into the atmosphere. [ 2 ] : 2908 It covers both water evaporation (movement of water to the air directly from soil, canopies , and water bodies) and transpiration (evaporation that occurs ...
Evapotranspiration and biomass production are key indicators for water management and irrigation performance. [ 4 ] The combination of the energy balance with input from remote sensing data is applied by farmers, [ 5 ] irrigation districts, [ 6 ] catchment management agencies [ 7 ] and regional and national governments.
The Calero Reservoir. The Guadalupe River watershed consists of 170 square miles (400 km 2) of land within northern California's Santa Clara County.The surface runoff from this area drains into the Guadalupe River, its tributary streams, reservoirs or other bodies of water which all eventually gets carried into the San Francisco Bay (indicated below, with surrounding counties in red).
Other common crop water use, if using all irrigated water: fruits and nuts with 34% of water use and 45% of revenue, field crops with 14% of water and 4% of revenue, pasture forage with 11% of water use and 1% of revenue, rice with 8% of water use and 2% of revenue (despite its lack of water, California grows nearly 5 billion pounds (2.3 ...
The Sanmenxia reservoir is part of a larger man-made project of hydroelectric dams called the Three Gorge Project [12] In 1998, uncertain calculations and heavy sediment greatly affected the reservoir's ability to fulfill its flood-control function properly [13] This also reduces the downstream river water quality.
However, where there are substantial drops, the water's potential energy is recaptured by hydroelectric plants. The initial pumping station fed by the Sacramento River Delta raises the water 240 ft (73 m), while a series of pumps culminating at the Edmonston Pumping Plant raises the water 1,926 ft (587 m) over the Tehachapi Mountains.
The sampling will provide data that can support efforts to rebuild salmon populations, which have declined dramatically because of a mix of factors, including dams and water diversion as well as ...
The coefficients 0.408 and 900 are not unitless but account for the conversion from energy values to equivalent water depths: radiation [mm day −1] = 0.408 radiation [MJ m −2 day −1]. This reference evapotranspiration ET 0 can then be used to evaluate the evapotranspiration rate ET from unstressed plants through crop coefficients K c: ET ...