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  2. Euphemism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism

    A euphemism (/ ˈ juː f ə m ɪ z əm / YOO-fə-miz-əm) is an innocuous word or expression used in place of one that is deemed offensive or suggests something unpleasant. [1] Some euphemisms are intended to amuse, while others use bland, inoffensive terms for concepts that the user wishes to downplay.

  3. Glossary of rhetorical terms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rhetorical_terms

    Onomatopoeia – words that imitate the sounds, objects, or actions they refer to, for example "buzz", "hullabaloo", "bling". Opening statement – first part of discourse; should gain audiences' attention. Orator – a public speaker, especially one who is eloquent or skilled. Oxymoron – opposed or markedly contradictory terms joined for ...

  4. Suffering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering

    Suffering, or pain in a broad sense, [1] may be an experience of unpleasantness or aversion, possibly associated with the perception of harm or threat of harm in an individual. [2] Suffering is the basic element that makes up the negative valence of affective phenomena .

  5. Duḥkha - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duḥkha

    Later translators have emphasized that "suffering" is a too limited translation for the term duḥkha, and have preferred to either leave the term untranslated, [15] or to clarify that translation with terms such as anxiety, distress, frustration, unease, unsatisfactoriness, not having what one wants, having what one doesn't want, etc. [18] [19 ...

  6. Negative utilitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_utilitarianism

    Negative hedonistic utilitarianism thinks of utility in terms of hedonic mental states such as suffering and unpleasantness. [6] Negative Average Preference Utilitarianism [ 17 ] makes the same assumptions on what is good as negative preference utilitarianism, but states that the average number (per individual) of preferences frustrated should ...

  7. Wikipedia : Manual of Style/Lead section

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/...

    – the article is about the subject, not a term for the subject. [I] For articles that are actually about terms, italicize the term to indicate the use–mention distinction. [J] For topics notable for only one reason, this reason should usually be given in the first sentence. [K] If the article is about a fictional character or place, make ...

  8. Emotion classification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_classification

    For example, a positive valence would shift the emotion up the top vector and a negative valence would shift the emotion down the bottom vector. [11] In this model, high arousal states are differentiated by their valence, whereas low arousal states are more neutral and are represented near the meeting point of the vectors.

  9. Figure of speech - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech

    For example, the phrase, "John, my best friend" uses the scheme known as apposition. Tropes (from Greek trepein, 'to turn') change the general meaning of words. An example of a trope is irony, which is the use of words to convey the opposite of their usual meaning ("For Brutus is an honorable man; / So are they all, all honorable men").