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Truffles are ectomycorrhizal fungi, so they are found in close association with tree roots. Spore dispersal is accomplished through fungivores, animals that eat fungi. [2] These fungi have ecological roles in nutrient cycling and drought tolerance. Some truffle species are prized as food. [3]
Rhizopogon species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees during seedling establishment and persist into old growth stands. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] Rhizopogon spores are long lived in soil and the spores of some species can persist for at least four years with an increase in viability over time. [ 13 ]
Black truffles are now also cultivated in Australia, New Zealand, Chile, [22] North America, Argentina, South Africa, [15] [23] and Wales. [24] Cultivation involves the planting of, for example, hazel trees whose roots are inoculated with truffle mycelium. The first fruiting bodies can be harvested about 4–10 years after planting the trees. [25]
Harvested white truffle (Tuber magnatum) at Ceva, Cuneo, Italy. Tuber is a genus in the fungal family Tuberaceae, with estimated molecular dating to the end of the Jurassic period (156 Mya). [2] It includes several species of truffles that are highly valued as delicacies.
Pisolithus arhizus is a major component in mycorrhizal fungus mixtures that are used in gardening as powerful root stimulators. [3] It is inedible. [4] In South Africa, it is known as the pardebal, and in Europe, it is known as the Bohemian truffle. The fruiting body is 5–30 cm tall and 4–20 cm wide, with a thin yellow-brown to brown ...
Geopora cooperi, commonly known as the pine truffle or the fuzzy truffle, is a species of fungus in the family Pyronemataceae. It has a fuzzy brown outer surface and an inner surface of whitish, convoluted folds of tissue. Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, the species has been recorded from Asia, Europe, and North America.
Tolypocladium ophioglossoides, also known by two of its better known synonyms Elaphocordyceps ophioglossoides and Cordyceps ophioglossoides and commonly known as the goldenthread cordyceps, [5] is a species of fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It is parasitic on fruit bodies of the truffle-like Elaphomyces.
Tuber gibbosum, commonly known as the Oregon white truffle, [1] is a species of truffle in the genus Tuber. [2] It is found in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States, where it grows in an ectomycorrhizal association with Douglas-fir. It is commercially collected between as early as October and into March. [3]