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Gradient-based methods such as backpropagation are usually used to estimate the parameters of the network. [4] During the training phase, ANNs learn from labeled training data by iteratively updating their parameters to minimize a defined loss function. [5] This method allows the network to generalize to unseen data.
[4] Certification takes two years, costs a million dollars, and is needed again for any equipment update, so election machines are a difficult market. [5] A revision to the guidelines, known as the VVSG 1.1, was prepared in 2009 and approved in 2015. [2] Voting machine manufacturers can choose which guidelines they follow. [6]
In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, several European scientists, notably Galileo Galilei [4] and Italian physiologist Santorio Santorio [5] developed devices with an air-filled glass bulb, connected to a tube, partially filled with water. As the air in the bulb warms or cools, the height of the column of water in the tube falls or rises ...