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Visual processing abnormalities in schizophrenia are commonly found, and contribute to poor social function. [1] There is evidence that schizophrenia affects perception of contrast and motion, control of eye movements, detection of visual contours, and recognition of faces or facial expressions.
It can be caused by adverse reactions to certain drugs or during drug withdrawal; however, it is most often associated with the elderly and in those with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, for example multiple system atrophy and the Lewy body dementias. [1] [2]
The primary treatment of schizophrenia is the use of antipsychotic medications, often in combination with psychosocial interventions and social supports. [ 27 ] [ 185 ] Community support services including drop-in centers, visits by members of a community mental health team , supported employment , [ 186 ] and support groups are common.
Here's how to distinguish "sundowning"—agitation or confusion later in the day in dementia patients—from typical aging, from doctors who treat older adults.
Oculocardiac reflex can be profound during eye examination for retinopathy of prematurity. [5] However, this reflex may also occur with adults. Bradycardia, junctional rhythm and asystole, all of which may be life-threatening, [6] can be induced through this reflex. This reflex has been seen to occur during many pan facial trauma surgeries due ...
Ocular hypertension is treated with either medications (eye drops), surgery, or laser. Treatment, by lowering the intraocular pressure, may help decrease the risk of vision loss and damage to the eye from glaucoma. Treatment options include pressure-lowering 'antiglaucomatous' eye drops, surgery, and/or laser eye surgery. [4]
Saccadic eye movements and anti-saccadic eye movements are carried out by similar regions of the brain: the frontal eye field (FEF), the supplementary motor area (SMA), the thalamus and putamen. Anti-saccades involve two important cognitive functions: the ability to form an intention and the ability to inhibit a reflexive response.
Closed-eye hallucinations and closed-eye visualizations (CEV) are hallucinations that occur when one's eyes are closed or when one is in a darkened room. They should not be confused with phosphenes , perceived light and shapes when pressure is applied to the eye's retina, or some other non-visual external cause stimulates the eye.
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