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Dyslexia does not affect general intelligence, but is often co-diagnosed with ADHD. [1] [2] There are at least three sub-types of dyslexia that have been recognized by researchers: orthographic, or surface dyslexia, phonological dyslexia and mixed dyslexia where individuals exhibit symptoms of both orthographic and phonological dyslexia. [3]
Phonological dyslexia is a reading disability that is a form of alexia (acquired dyslexia), [1] resulting from brain injury, stroke, or progressive illness and that affects previously acquired reading abilities. The major distinguishing symptom of acquired phonological dyslexia is that a selective impairment of the ability to read pronounceable ...
Dyslexia is a heterogeneous, dimensional learning disorder that impairs accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. [65] [66] Typical—but not universal—features include difficulties with phonological awareness; inefficient and often inaccurate processing of sounds in oral language (phonological processing); and verbal working memory ...
Orthographies and dyslexia - How dyslexia manifests in different writing systems. Deep dyslexia - Semantic errors in reading, often substituting related words. Acquired dyslexia (alexia) - Reading difficulties resulting from brain injury. Phonological dyslexia - Difficulty with letter-sound connections and unfamiliar words.
Children with developmental dysphasia, developmental dysgraphia and developmental dyslexia may be more likely to have family members with one of these conditions. [15] Genetic studies suggest that verbal executive function tasks, orthographic skills, and spelling ability may have a genetic basis.
The causes of dyslexia are not agreed upon, although the consensus of neuroscientists believe dyslexia is a phonological processing disorder and that dyslexics have reading difficulties because they are unable to see or hear a word, break it down to discrete sounds, and then associate each sound with letters that make up the word.
During the twentieth century, dyslexia was primarily seen as a phonological deficit (specifically phonological awareness) that resulted in a reading deficit. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Dyslexia was seen as an issue with reading achievement specifically, caused by deficits in discrimination of written word sounds as opposed to a broader disorder of brain ...
Surface dyslexia was imitated by damaging the orthographic lexicon so that the program made more errors on irregular words than on regular or non-words, just as is observed in surface dyslexia. [6] Phonological dyslexia was similarly modeled by selectively damaging the non-lexical route thereby causing the program to mispronounce non words.
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