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Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface. Examples are the waves at the surface of water and air (ocean surface ...
The formula to calculate surface wave magnitude is: [3] = + (), where A is the maximum particle displacement in surface waves (vector sum of the two horizontal displacements) in μm, T is the corresponding period in s (usually 20 ± 2 seconds), Δ is the epicentral distance in °, and
Surface rendering of Arabidopsis thaliana pollen grains with confocal microscope. Scientific visualization (also spelled scientific visualisation) is an interdisciplinary branch of science concerned with the visualization of scientific phenomena. [2] It is also considered a subset of computer graphics, a branch of computer science. The purpose ...
How Love waves work. In elastodynamics, Love waves, named after Augustus Edward Hough Love, are horizontally polarized surface waves.The Love wave is a result of the interference of many shear waves guided by an elastic layer, which is welded to an elastic half space on one side while bordering a vacuum on the other side.
An equatorial Kelvin wave, captured through sea surface height anomalies. Kelvin waves can also exist going eastward parallel to the equator. Although waves can cross the equator, the Kelvin wave solution does not. The primitive equations are identical to those used to develop the coastal Kelvin wave solution (U-momentum, V-momentum, and ...
Surface-wave inversion is the method by which elastic properties, density, and thickness of layers in the subsurface are obtained through analysis of surface-wave dispersion. [2] The entire inversion process requires the gathering of seismic data, the creation of dispersion curves, and finally the inference of subsurface properties.
Edge wave, a surface gravity wave fixed by refraction against a rigid boundary; Faraday wave, a type of wave in liquids; Gravity wave, in fluid dynamics; Internal wave, a wave within a fluid medium; Shock wave, in aerodynamics; Sound wave, a wave of sound through a medium such as air or water; Tidal wave, a scientifically incorrect name for a ...
Animation of an electron transported via a surface acoustic wave. Even at the smallest scales of current semiconductor technology, each operation is carried out by huge streams of electrons. [22] Reducing the number of electrons involved in these processes, with the ultimate goal of achieving single electron control is a serious challenge.