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Interface conditions describe the behaviour of electromagnetic fields; electric field, electric displacement field, and the magnetic field at the interface of two materials. The differential forms of these equations require that there is always an open neighbourhood around the point to which they are applied, otherwise the vector fields and H ...
In other cases, Maxwell's equations are solved in a finite region of space, with appropriate conditions on the boundary of that region, for example an artificial absorbing boundary representing the rest of the universe, [24] [25] or periodic boundary conditions, or walls that isolate a small region from the outside world (as with a waveguide or ...
The electromagnetism uniqueness theorem states the uniqueness (but not necessarily the existence) of a solution to Maxwell's equations, if the boundary conditions provided satisfy the following requirements: [1] [2] At =, the initial values of all fields (E, H, B and D) everywhere (in the entire volume considered) is specified;
The solutions of Maxwell's equations in the Lorenz gauge (see Feynman [5] and Jackson [7]) with the boundary condition that both potentials go to zero sufficiently fast as they approach infinity are called the retarded potentials, which are the magnetic vector potential (,) and the electric scalar potential (,) due to a current distribution of ...
Maxwell's equations can directly give inhomogeneous wave equations for the electric field E and magnetic field B. [1] Substituting Gauss's law for electricity and Ampère's law into the curl of Faraday's law of induction, and using the curl of the curl identity ∇ × (∇ × X) = ∇(∇ ⋅ X) − ∇ 2 X (The last term in the right side is the vector Laplacian, not Laplacian applied on ...
Maxwell introduced the term D, specific capacity of electric induction, in a form different from the modern and familiar notations. [2] It was Oliver Heaviside who reformulated the complicated Maxwell's equations to the modern form. It wasn't until 1884 that Heaviside, concurrently with Willard Gibbs and Heinrich Hertz, grouped the equations ...
Curvature of spacetime affects electrodynamics. An electromagnetic field having energy and momentum also generates curvature in spacetime. Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime can be obtained by replacing the derivatives in the equations in flat spacetime with covariant derivatives. (Whether this is the appropriate generalization requires ...
Maxwell's equations in a dielectric medium impose a boundary condition of continuity for the components of the fields E ||, H ||, D y, and B y. For the polarization considered in this example, the conditions on E || and B y are satisfied if the reflected wave has the same amplitude as the incident one, because these components of the incident ...