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2. Computer programming in the punched card era - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming_in...

   A single program deck, with individual subroutines marked. The markings show the effects of editing, as cards are replaced or reordered. Many early programming languages, including FORTRAN, COBOL and the various IBM assembler languages, used only the first 72 columns of a card – a tradition that traces back to the IBM 711 card reader used on the IBM 704/709/7090/7094 series (especially the ...

3. Chad (paper) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_(paper)

   Chads from punched cards.Each chad is about 3 mm (1 ⁄ 8 in) long. Votomatic [1] voting machines of the type used in the 2000 election in Florida The chip (chad) receiver from a UNIVAC key punch Pouring chads from a jar at the Computer History Museum Asymmetrical chad produced by a railroad ticket punch

4. Punched card - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card

   A punched card (also punch card [1] or punched-card [2]) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines .

5. Keypunch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keypunch

   The heart of the 024 and 026 keypunches was a set of twelve precision punches, one per card row, each with an actuator of relatively high power. Punch cards were stepped across the punch one column at a time, and the appropriate punches were activated to create the holes, resulting in a distinctive "chunk, chunk" sound as columns were punched.

6. Ticket punch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ticket_punch

   A ticket punch (or control nippers) is a hand tool for permanently marking admission tickets and similar items of paper or card stock. It makes a perforation and a corresponding chad . A ticket punch resembles a hole punch , differing in that the ticket punch has a longer jaw (or "reach") and the option of having a distinctive die shape.

7. Punched card input/output - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card_input/output

   An IBM 80-column punched card of the type most widely used in the 20th century IBM 1442 card reader/punch for 80 column cards. A computer punched card reader or just computer card reader is a computer input device used to read computer programs in either source or executable form and data from punched cards.