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An S-layer (surface layer) is a cell surface protein layer found in many different bacteria and in some archaea, where it serves as the cell wall. All S-layers are made up of a two-dimensional array of proteins and have a crystalline appearance, the symmetry of which differs between species.
FimH is a bacterial adhesin that helps bacteria such as Escherichia coli to bind to host cells and their receptors (here: the human proteins CD48 and TLR4, or mannose residues). [ 4 ] Most fimbria of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin.
The glycocalyx (pl.: glycocalyces or glycocalyxes), also known as the pericellular matrix and cell coat, is a layer of glycoproteins and glycolipids which surround the cell membranes of bacteria, epithelial cells, and other cells. [1] Animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coating on the external surface of their plasma membranes.
Bacteria produce various adhesins including lipoteichoic acid, trimeric autotransporter adhesins and a wide variety of other surface proteins to attach to host tissue. Capsules, made of carbohydrate, form part of the outer structure of many bacterial cells including Neisseria meningitidis .
Bacteria often produce capsules made of proteins or sugars that coat their cells and interfere with phagocytosis. [107] Some examples are the K5 capsule and O75 O antigen found on the surface of Escherichia coli, [111] and the exopolysaccharide capsules of Staphylococcus epidermidis. [112]
PilF, a NTP-Binding protein that provides energy for Type IV Pili Assembly. 5. The secretin protein, PilQ, found on the outer membrane of the cell is necessary for the development/extension of the pilus. PilC is the first proteins to form the pilus and are responsible for overall attachment of the pilus. 6.
The human body carries endogenous stores on LPS. [34] The epithelial surfaces are colonized by a complex microbial flora (including gram-negative bacteria), which outnumber human cells by a factor of 10 to 1. Gram-negative bacterial will shed endotoxins.
Protein A is a 42 kDa surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in biochemical research because of its ability to bind immunoglobulins ...