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SIRT4 is a mitochondrial ADP-ribosyltransferase that inhibits mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase 1 activity, thereby downregulating insulin secretion in response to amino acids. [7] A deacetylation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase enzyme by SIRT4 represses the enzyme activity, inhibiting fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver cells.
SIRT3, a mitochondrial protein deacetylase, plays a role in the regulation of multiple metabolic proteins like isocitrate dehydrogenase of the TCA cycle. It also plays a role in skeletal muscle as a metabolic adaptive response. Since glutamine is a source of a-ketoglutarate used to replenish the TCA cycle, SIRT4 is involved in glutamine metabolism.
[1] [2] It is classified under EC 2.7.6.1. The enzyme is involved in the synthesis of nucleotides ( purines and pyrimidines ), cofactors NAD and NADP , and amino acids histidine and tryptophan , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] linking these biosynthetic processes to the pentose phosphate pathway, from which the substrate ribose 5-phosphate is derived.
Pyroglutamic acid (also known as PCA, 5-oxoproline, pidolic acid) is a ubiquitous but understudied natural amino acid derivative in which the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to form a lactam. [1] The names of pyroglutamic acid conjugate base, anion, salts, and esters are pyroglutamate, 5-oxoprolinate, or pidolate.
Serine (symbol Ser or S) [3] [4] is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated − NH +3 form under biological conditions), a carboxyl group (which is in the deprotonated − COO −
Kainic acid is a potent neuroexcitatory amino acid agonist that acts by activating receptors for glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate is produced by the cell's metabolic processes and there are four major classifications of glutamate receptors : NMDA receptors, AMPA receptors, kainate ...
The amino acids in a standard π-helix are arranged in a right-handed helical structure. Each amino acid corresponds to an 87° turn in the helix (i.e., the helix has 4.1 residues per turn), and a translation of 1.15 Å (0.115 nm) along the helical axis.
Cycloheximide is a naturally occurring fungicide produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.Cycloheximide exerts its effects by interfering with the translocation step in protein synthesis (movement of two tRNA molecules and mRNA in relation to the ribosome), thus blocking eukaryotic translational elongation.