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Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease, of unknown cause, which can affect any body part of any person, but has a strong preference for the genitals (penis, vulva), and is also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans when it affects the penis.
Balanitis caused by smegma. Inflammation has many possible causes, including irritation by environmental substances, certain medications, physical trauma, and infection such as bacterial, viral, or fungal. [6] [7] Some of these infections are sexually transmitted, however a yeast infection, Candida balanitis, is generally not categorized as such.
Symptoms of infection of the male genitalia (balanitis thrush) include red skin around the head of the penis, swelling, irritation, itchiness and soreness of the head of the penis, thick, lumpy discharge under the foreskin, unpleasant odour, difficulty retracting the foreskin , and pain when passing urine or during sex.
Balanitis circinata (also known as circinate balanitis) is a skin condition comprising a serpiginous ring-shaped dermatitis of the glans penis. [1] While circinate balanitis is one of the most common cutaneous manifestations of reactive arthritis, it can also occur independently.
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus (thought to be the same condition as balanitis xerotica obliterans) is regarded as a common (or even the main) [29] cause of pathological phimosis. [30] This is a skin condition of unknown origin that causes a whitish ring of indurated tissue (a cicatrix ) to form near the tip of the prepuce.
Balanitis plasmacellularis, also known as balanitis circumscripta plasmacellularis, Zoon balanitis, or plasma cell balanitis, is a cutaneous condition characterized by a benign inflammatory skin lesion characterized histologically by a plasma cell infiltrate. [1]: 657 [2] Balanitis plasmacellularis is typically asymptomatic.
By the time a person presents with symptoms, the "trigger" infection has often been cured or is in remission in chronic cases, thus making determination of the initial cause difficult. The manifestations of reactive arthritis include the following triad of symptoms: an inflammatory arthritis of large joints, inflammation of the eyes in the form ...
Pseudoepitheliomatous keratotic and micaceous balanitis, (PKMB) is a cutaneous condition characterized by skin lesions on the glans penis that are wart-like with scaling. [1]: 657 It can present as a cutaneous horn. [2] PKMB is usually asymptomatic, with occasional irritation, burning sensation, fissuring, or maceration.