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Retinoschisis is an eye disease characterized by the abnormal splitting of the retina's neurosensory layers, usually in the outer plexiform layer.Retinoschisis can be divided into degenerative forms which are very common and almost exclusively involve the peripheral retina and hereditary forms which are rare and involve the central retina and sometimes the peripheral retina.
Retinoschisin also known as X-linked juvenile retinoschisis protein is a lectin [5] [6] that in humans is encoded by the RS1 gene. [7]It is a soluble, cell-surface protein that plays an important role in the maintenance of the retina where it is expressed and secreted by retinal bipolar cells and photoreceptors, [8] [9] as well as in the pineal gland. [10]
Cranioschisis (Greek: κρανιον kranion, "skull", and σχίσις schisis, "split") is a skull-related neural tube defect. The skull does not close all the way in this deformity (especially at the occipital region). As a result, the amniotic fluid enters the brain, leading to eventual brain degeneration and anencephaly. [1]
The symptoms and signs associated with convergence insufficiency are related to prolonged, visually demanding, near-centered tasks. They may include, but are not limited to, diplopia (double vision), asthenopia (eye strain), transient blurred vision, difficulty sustaining near-visual function, abnormal fatigue, headache, and abnormal postural adaptation, among others.
Type 1 may be defined as an acquired capillary ectasia (a focal expansion or outpouching) and dilation in the parafoveal region, leading to vascular incompetence. Telangiectatic vessels develop micro-aneurysms that leak fluid, blood, and occasionally, lipid. Macular telangiectasia type 1 has been called as a variant of Coats' disease.
Age-Related Macular Degeneration is a degenerative maculopathy associated with progressive sight loss. It is characterised by changes in pigmentation in the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, the appearance of drusen on the retina of the eye and choroidal neovascularization.
Recently, central serous chorioretinopathy has been understood to be part of the pachychoroid spectrum. [5] [6] In pachychoroid spectrum disorders, of which CSR represents stage II, the choroid, the highly vascularized layer below the retina, is thickened and congested with increased blood vessel diameter, especially in the deep choroid (the so-called Haller's layer).
Bitemporal hemianopsia is the medical description of a type of partial blindness where vision is missing in the outer half of both the right and left visual field. It is usually associated with lesions of the optic chiasm, the area where the optic nerves from the right and left eyes cross near the pituitary gland.