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Obvious examples of place-names of Welsh origin include Penrith ("headland by the ford" [2]) and the numerous Rivers Avon, from the Welsh afon ("river"). Place-names from the Western Brittonic-speaking Hen Ogledd occur in Cumbria and the Scottish Lowlands. These include the name of Edinburgh, from Cumbric Din Eidin "Eidin's Fort".
The modern Welsh language contains names for many towns and other geographical features in Great Britain and elsewhere. Names for places outside of Welsh-speaking regions are exonyms, not including spelling or pronunciation adaptations and translations of common nouns.
The list of standardised Welsh place-names is a list compiled by the Welsh Language Commissioner to recommend the standardisation of the spelling of Welsh place-names, particularly in the Welsh language and when multiple forms are used, although some place-names in English were also recommended to be matched with the Welsh.
In Old Welsh it has the form oper (later aper) and is derived from an assumed *od-ber, meaning 'pouring away'. This is derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bher-, 'carry' (English bear, Latin fero) with the prefix ad-, 'to'. It is found in Welsh, Cornish and Breton. Place names with aber are very common in Wales.
monastic cell, old church, nook, corner Kilmarnock, Killead, Kilkenny, Kilgetty, Cil-y-coed, Kilburn: prefix anglicised from Cill: kin [5] SG, I head Kincardine, Kinallen: prefix anglicised from Ceann. Cognate of C, P and W pen and in some place names, may represent a Gaelicisation of the C and P form. [2] king OE/ON king, tribal leader
The Cumbric language was spoken in Cumbria and elsewhere in The Old North up until the Early Middle Ages and some place names in Cumbria and surrounding counties have a Brythonic origin. Ketland. The first element is possibly equivalent to Welsh coed, "forest, wood". [11] Lambert Ladd. Compare Lampert below. [11] Lamplugh.
An example is the Roman fort at Caernarfon, formerly known in Welsh as Caer Seiont from its position on the Seiont; the later Edwardian castle and its community were distinguished as Caer yn Arfon ("fort in Arfon", the latter being a district name (Cantref Arfon) from "ar Fôn", "(land) opposite Môn or Anglesey"). [2]
Welsh place names tend to be associated with natural features rather than people, hence elements describing rivers, hills and valleys are common. The exceptions are places with the prefix Llan, meaning 'Church', which often contain the name of the Saint the church is dedicated to, e.g. Llansantffraid - 'Church of St. Bridget'.