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  2. Schwarzschild's equation for radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild's_equation...

    In the study of heat transfer, Schwarzschild's equation[1][2][3] is used to calculate radiative transfer (energy transfer via electromagnetic radiation) through a medium in local thermodynamic equilibrium that both absorbs and emits radiation. The incremental change in spectral intensity, [4] (dIλ, [W/sr/m 2 /μm]) at a given wavelength as ...

  3. Radiative transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_transfer

    Radiative transfer. Radiative transfer (also called radiation transport) is the physical phenomenon of energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The propagation of radiation through a medium is affected by absorption, emission, and scattering processes. The equation of radiative transfer describes these interactions mathematically.

  4. Electromagnetic radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation

    As a wave, light is characterized by a velocity (the speed of light), wavelength, and frequency. As particles, light is a stream of photons. Each has an energy related to the frequency of the wave given by Planck's relation E = hf, where E is the energy of the photon, h is the Planck constant, 6.626 × 10 −34 J·s, and f is the frequency of ...

  5. Computational electromagnetics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_electromagnetics

    Computational electromagnetics (CEM), computational electrodynamics or electromagnetic modeling is the process of modeling the interaction of electromagnetic fields with physical objects and the environment using computers. It typically involves using computer programs to compute approximate solutions to Maxwell's equations to calculate antenna ...

  6. Heat transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer

    A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and cold material from the top moves downwards. Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such ...

  7. Förster resonance energy transfer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Förster_resonance_energy...

    Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer, resonance energy transfer (RET) or electronic energy transfer (EET) is a mechanism describing energy transfer between two light-sensitive molecules (chromophores). [ 1 ] A donor chromophore, initially in its electronic excited state, may transfer energy to an ...

  8. General circulation model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_circulation_model

    Atmospheric models calculate winds, heat transfer, radiation, relative humidity, and surface hydrology within each grid and evaluate interactions with neighboring points. [ 1 ] A general circulation model (GCM) is a type of climate model. It employs a mathematical model of the general circulation of a planetary atmosphere or ocean.

  9. Mechanical wave - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_wave

    In physics, a mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a material medium. [ 1 ] (. Vacuum is, from classical perspective, a non-material medium, where electromagnetic waves propagate.) While waves can move over long distances, the movement of the medium of transmission—the material ...