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The Peace of Westphalia (German: Westfälischer Friede, pronounced [vɛstˈfɛːlɪʃɐ ˈfʁiːdə] ⓘ) is the collective name for two peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster. They ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and brought peace to the Holy Roman Empire, closing a calamitous ...
Westphalian system. The Westphalian system, also known as Westphalian sovereignty, is a principle in international law that each state has exclusive sovereignty over its territory. The principle developed in Europe after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, based on the state theory of Jean Bodin and the natural law teachings of Hugo Grotius.
The Nine Years' War[ c ] was a European great power conflict from 1688 to 1697 between France and the Grand Alliance. [ d ] Although largely concentrated in Europe, fighting spread to colonial possessions in the Americas, India, and West Africa. Related conflicts include the Williamite war in Ireland, and King William's War in North America.
The Eighty Years' War[ i ] or Dutch Revolt (Dutch: Nederlandse Opstand) (c. 1566/1568–1648) [ j ] was an armed conflict in the Habsburg Netherlands [ k ] between disparate groups of rebels and the Spanish government. The causes of the war included the Reformation, centralisation, excessive taxation, and the rights and privileges of the Dutch ...
The first treaty signed at Utrecht was the truce between France and Portugal on 7 November, followed by the truce between France and Savoy on 14 March 1713. That same day, Spain, Great Britain, France and the Empire agreed to the evacuation of Catalonia and an armistice in Italy. The main treaties of peace followed on 11 April 1713.
Cuius regio, eius religio (Ecclesiastical Latin: [ˈku.jus ˈre.d͡ʒi.o ˈe.jus reˈli.d͡ʒi.o]) is a Latin phrase which literally means "whose realm, their religion " – meaning that the religion of the ruler was to dictate the religion of those ruled. This legal principle marked a major development in the collective (if not individual ...
The national boundaries within Europe agreed upon by the Congress of Vienna Frontispiece of the Acts of the Congress of Vienna. The Congress of Vienna [a] of 1814–1815 was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of the French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. [1]
The conflicts between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Francis I of France initiated the French-Habsburg rivalry. The term French–Habsburg rivalry (French: Rivalité franco-habsbourgeoise; German: Habsburgisch-französischer Gegensatz) describes the rivalry between France and the House of Habsburg. The Habsburgs headed an expansive and ...