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  2. Observational methods in psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_Methods_in...

    Structured observation represents a compromise between the passive nonintervention of naturalistic observation, and the systematic manipulation of independent variables and precise control characterized by lab experiments. [2] Structured observation may occur in a natural or laboratory setting.

  3. Latent and observable variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../Latent_and_observable_variables

    Other latent variables correspond to abstract concepts, like categories, behavioral or mental states, or data structures. The terms hypothetical variables or hypothetical constructs may be used in these situations. The use of latent variables can serve to reduce the dimensionality of data. Many observable variables can be aggregated in a model ...

  4. Influential observation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influential_observation

    In statistics, an influential observation is an observation for a statistical calculation whose deletion from the dataset would noticeably change the result of the calculation. [1] In particular, in regression analysis an influential observation is one whose deletion has a large effect on the parameter estimates.

  5. Observational study - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_study

    Anthropological survey paper from 1961 by Juhan Aul from University of Tartu who measured about 50 000 people. In fields such as epidemiology, social sciences, psychology and statistics, an observational study draws inferences from a sample to a population where the independent variable is not under the control of the researcher because of ethical concerns or logistical constraints.

  6. Observation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation

    Observation in the natural sciences [1] is an act or instance of noticing or perceiving [2] and the acquisition of information from a primary source. In living beings, observation employs the senses. In science, observation can also involve the perception and recording of data via the use of scientific instruments. The term may also refer to ...

  7. Degrees of freedom (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom...

    Naive application of classical formula, n − p, would lead to over-estimation of the residuals degree of freedom, as if each observation were independent. More realistically, though, the hat matrix H = X(X ' Σ −1 X) −1 X ' Σ −1 would involve an observation covariance matrix Σ indicating the non-zero correlation among observations.

  8. Observational techniques - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observational_techniques

    In marketing and the social sciences, observational research (or field research) is a social research technique that involves the direct observation of phenomena in their natural setting. This differentiates it from experimental research in which a quasi-artificial environment is created to control for spurious factors, and where at least one ...

  9. Realization (probability) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realization_(probability)

    In probability and statistics, a realization, observation, or observed value, of a random variable is the value that is actually observed (what actually happened). The random variable itself is the process dictating how the observation comes about.