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  2. Mind–body dualism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind–body_dualism

    In the philosophy of mind, mind–body dualism denotes either the view that mental phenomena are non-physical, [1] or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. [2] Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, as well as between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.

  3. René Descartes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Descartes

    t. e. René Descartes (/ deɪˈkɑːrt / day-KART or UK: / ˈdeɪkɑːrt / DAY-kart; French: [ʁəne dekaʁt] ⓘ; [note 3][11] 31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) [12][13]: 58 was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science. Mathematics was paramount ...

  4. True self and false self - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_self_and_false_self

    t. e. The true self (also known as real self, authentic self, original self and vulnerable self) and the false self (also known as fake self, idealized self, superficial self and pseudo self) are a psychological dualism conceptualized by English psychoanalyst Donald Winnicott. [1] Winnicott used "true self " to denote a sense of self based on ...

  5. Interactionism (philosophy of mind) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy...

    Interactionism or interactionist dualism is the theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that matter and mind are two distinct and independent substances that exert causal effects on one another. [1] An example of your mind influencing your body would be if you are depressed (which is related to your mind), you can observe the effects on ...

  6. Cartesian Self - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_Self

    Cartesian Self. In philosophy, the Cartesian Self, or Cartesian subject, a concept developed by the philosopher René Descartes within his system of mind–body dualism, is the term provided [citation needed] for a separation between mind and body as posited by Descartes. In the simple view the self can be viewed as just the mind which is ...

  7. Solipsism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism

    Solipsism (/ ˈ s ɒ l ɪ p s ɪ z əm / ⓘ SOLL-ip-siz-əm; from Latin solus 'alone' and ipse 'self') [1] is the philosophical idea that only one's mind is sure to exist. As an epistemological position, solipsism holds that knowledge of anything outside one's own mind is unsure; the external world and other minds cannot be known and might not exist outside the mind.

  8. Double consciousness - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_consciousness

    Double consciousness is the dual self-perception [1] experienced by subordinated or colonized groups in an oppressive society.The term and the idea were first published in W. E. B. Du Bois's autoethnographic work, The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, in which he described the African American experience of double consciousness, including his own.

  9. Socrates - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates

    Sōkrátēs; c. 470 – 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy [3] and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, Socrates authored no texts and is known mainly through the posthumous accounts of classical writers, particularly his ...