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The Lazy interface with its eval() method is equivalent to the Supplier interface with its get() method in the java.util.function library. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] : 200 Each class that implements the Lazy interface must provide an eval method, and instances of the class may carry whatever values the method needs to accomplish lazy evaluation.
In object-oriented programming, the iterator pattern is a design pattern in which an iterator is used to traverse a container and access the container's elements. The iterator pattern decouples algorithms from containers; in some cases, algorithms are necessarily container-specific and thus cannot be decoupled.
Off-by-one errors are common in using the C library because it is not consistent with respect to whether one needs to subtract 1 byte – functions like fgets() and strncpy will never write past the length given them (fgets() subtracts 1 itself, and only retrieves (length − 1) bytes), whereas others, like strncat will write past the length given them.
An internal iterator is a higher order function (often taking anonymous functions) that traverses a collection while applying a function to each element. For example, Python's map function applies a caller-defined function to each element:
In computer science, a generator is a routine that can be used to control the iteration behaviour of a loop.All generators are also iterators. [1] A generator is very similar to a function that returns an array, in that a generator has parameters, can be called, and generates a sequence of values.
Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
The term closure is often used as a synonym for anonymous function, though strictly, an anonymous function is a function literal without a name, while a closure is an instance of a function, a value, whose non-local variables have been bound either to values or to storage locations (depending on the language; see the lexical environment section below).
[1] The goal of loop unwinding is to increase a program's speed by reducing or eliminating instructions that control the loop, such as pointer arithmetic and "end of loop" tests on each iteration; [2] reducing branch penalties; as well as hiding latencies, including the delay in reading data from memory. [3]