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In his 1969 book, C. Dandapani Desikar cites the work Studies in Tamil Literature, which lists several historical evidences about Valluvar's period: [4] Elaela Singan Chettiyar , historically known as a contemporary and friend of Valluvar, who has been mentioned as Elaela and Alara in Ceylon history , lived between 144 BCE and 101 BCE.
It was translated from Shah Abdul Qadar Dehlavi's Urdu translation of the Quran. The hand-written versions of this translation are saved in Raza library of Rampur and Idara-e-Adabyat-e-Urdu library of Deccan, Hyderabad, India. Tafseer Yaseer by Mulavi Murad Ali Khan Sahibzada, it was the first Tafseer and second translation in Pashto. The first ...
Veṇpā is a closely related family of very strict [6] Tamil verse forms. They differ chiefly in the number of standard lines that occur before the final short line. In kuṟaḷ-veṇpā (or simply "kural") a single 4-foot ("standard") line is followed by a final 3-foot ("short") line, resulting in a 7-foot couplet. [7]
Beschi, the earliest known translator of the Kural text Tamil Wisdom, by Edward Jewitt Robinson, 1873 [1]. The Kural text, considered to have been written in the 1st century BCE, [2] remained unknown to the outside world for close to one and a half millennia.
Now these three are everywhere forcibly inculcated by the Tamil Moralist." [7] (Sir A. Grant) "The Kural's sentences are as binding as the Ten Commandments on the Jews. Kural is as important and influential on the Tamil mind as Dante's great work on the language and thought of Italy." [8] (Charles E. Gover, English folklorist, d. 1872)
The Kural is one of the most reviewed of all works in Tamil literature, and almost every notable scholar of Tamil has written exegesis or commentaries (explanation in prose or verse), known in Tamil as urai, on it. [186] Some of the Tamil literature that was composed after the Kural quote or borrow its couplets in their own texts. [187]
Tiruvalluva Malai is a collection of verses said to have been composed by gods, goddesses, and poets of different times, all belonging to the legendary Tamil Sangam at Madurai. [3] [16] A total of 55 poets have composed their encomia in 55 verse in the collection, all written several centuries after the composition of the Kural text. [17]
Written in High Tamil distich form, it has 38 chapters each containing 10 kurals or couplets, making a total of 380 couplets, all dealing with the fundamental virtues of an individual. Aṟam , the Tamil term that loosely corresponds to the English term 'virtue', correlates with the first of the four ancient Indian values of dharma , artha ...