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  2. Hindgut fermentation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut_fermentation

    While foregut fermentation is generally considered more efficient, and monogastric animals cannot digest cellulose as efficiently as ruminants, [5] hindgut fermentation allows animals to consume small amounts of low-quality forage all day long and thus survive in conditions where ruminants might not be able to obtain nutrition adequate for their needs.

  3. Ruminant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruminant

    Fermentation is crucial to digestion because it breaks down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose, and enables the animal to use them. Microbes function best in a warm, moist, anaerobic environment with a temperature range of 37.7 to 42.2 °C (99.9 to 108.0 °F) and a pH between 6.0 and 6.4.

  4. Cell isolation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_isolation

    Cell isolation is the process of separating individual living cells from a solid block of tissue or cell suspension. While some types of cell naturally exist in a separated form (for example blood cells ), other cell types that are found in solid tissue require specific techniques to separate them into individual cells.

  5. Cellulose - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulose

    Cellulose for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton. [6] Cellulose is also greatly affected by direct interaction with several organic liquids. [10] Some animals, particularly ruminants and termites, can digest cellulose with the help of symbiotic micro-organisms that live in their guts, such as Trichonympha.

  6. Cecotrope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecotrope

    Particles less than 0.3-0.5 mm (mainly fermentable fiber and proteins) move to the sides, and then retrograde peristalsis moves them back up the colon and into the cecum. [ 14 ] [ 2 ] [ 17 ] [ 9 ] The ileocecal valve (at the end of the small intestine) ensures the material goes to the cecum and not the small intestine.

  7. Cellulase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulase

    Ribbon representation of the Streptomyces lividans β-1,4-endoglucanase catalytic domain - an example from the family 12 glycoside hydrolases [1]. Cellulase (EC 3.2.1.4; systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides:

  8. Decomposer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decomposer

    After allowing the enzymes time to digest the material, the decomposer then absorbs the nutrients from the environment into its cells. [4] Decomposition is often erroneously conflated with this process of external digestion, probably because of the strong association between fungi, which are external digesters, and decomposition.

  9. Lysosome - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome

    [1] [2] They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins and its lumenal proteins. The lumen's pH (~4.5–5.0) [3] is optimal for the enzymes involved in hydrolysis, analogous to the activity of the stomach.