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Anger, Anticipation, Joy, and Trust are positive in valence, while Fear, Surprise, Sadness, and Disgust are negative in valence. Anger is classified as a "positive" emotion because it involves "moving toward" a goal, [ 62 ] while surprise is negative because it is a violation of someone's territory. [ 63 ]
Robert C. Solomon places contempt on the same emotional continuum as resentment and anger, and he argues that the differences between the three are that resentment is anger directed towards a higher-status individual; anger is directed towards an equal-status individual; and contempt is anger directed towards a lower-status individual. [3 ...
Resentment (also called ranklement or bitterness) is a complex, multilayered emotion [1] that has been described as a mixture of disappointment, disgust and anger. [2] Other psychologists consider it a mood [3] or as a secondary emotion (including cognitive elements) that can be elicited in the face of insult or injury.
Discrete emotion theory is the claim that there is a small number of core emotions.For example, Silvan Tomkins (1962, 1963) concluded that there are nine basic affects which correspond with what we come to know as emotions: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, anger, shame, dissmell (reaction to bad smell) and disgust.
The expression of anger is in many cultures discouraged in girls and women to a greater extent than in boys and men (the notion being that an angry man has a valid complaint that needs to be rectified, while an angry women is hysterical or oversensitive, and her anger is somehow invalid), while the expression of sadness or fear is discouraged ...
Dating back to the 1940s and 1950s, Magda Arnold took an interest in researching the appraisal of emotions accompanying general arousal. Specifically, Arnold wanted to "introduce the idea of emotion differentiation by postulating that emotions such as fear, anger, and excitement could be distinguished by different excitatory phenomena" (Arnold, 1950). [5]
Moral emotions include disgust, shame, pride, anger, guilt, compassion, and gratitude, [5] and help to provide people with the power and energy to do good and avoid doing bad. [4] Moral emotions are linked to a person's conscience - these are the emotions that make up a conscience and promote learning the difference between right and wrong ...
Since then, the idea of the seven basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, fear, disgust, and surprise) has ignited debate about the origins of emotion. [11] In the early 1960s, Silvan Tomkins' Affect Theory built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biological and universal manifestations of emotions.