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Typical signs of damage on pines: Brown coloration and shedding needles Borehole of a larva. Infestation damage can be divided into four categories or phases, depending on whether it is caused by the imago, fungus, larvae or secondary parasites. The first reaction of the host tree is due to the adult wasp and occurs after 10 to 14 days.
This fungal disease affects the needles of conifers, but is mainly found on pine. Over 60 species have been reported to be prone to infection and Corsican Pine (Pinus nigra ssp. laricio) is the most susceptible species in Great Britain. [3] It was first recorded in Britain on Corsican pine in 1954 in a nursery in Dorset.
The most infected needles are prematurely shed by December. Because the infected needles are within the interior of the tree, the newer needles on the outer surface of the pines are flushed green and resistant to the disease. However, the premature shedding of needles in the interior can extend outwards leading to a loss in overall growth.
The nematodes drop off the beetle, and infect healthy pine trees when the adult beetles eat the young pine branches. [16] The pine wilt nematode is spread by a number of bark beetles and wood borers, typically associated with the genus Monochamus of pine sawyers. [17] Pine sawyers lay their eggs in the bark of dead timber.
In addition, young trees will often die at faster rates following infection because more needles are likely to be located closer to the main stem (trunk) of the tree, where infection results in canker formation that kills vital cambial tissue responsible for water and nutrient transport for large parts of the tree.
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The disease can infect trees of all ages, though trees that are physiologically stressed through water or nutrient deficiencies or wounded via extreme weather or insect damage have a higher incidence of infection. [1] The hallmark symptom of Diplodia tip blight is stunted, brown needles and stems, particularly of new shoots. [4]
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