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Ninhydrin is most commonly used to detect fingerprints in forensic cases, as the terminal amines of lysine residues in peptides and proteins sloughed off in fingerprints react with ninhydrin. [2] [3] Ninhydrin is a white solid that is soluble in ethanol and acetone. [1] Ninhydrin can be considered as the hydrate of indane-1,2,3-trione.
Indane-1,2,3-trione, which reacts readily with nucleophiles (including water). Whereas for most carbonyl compounds, a carbonyl form is more stable than a product of water addition (hydrate), ninhydrin forms a stable hydrate of the central carbon because of the destabilizing effect of the adjacent carbonyl groups.
Proline and its derivatives are often used as asymmetric catalysts in proline organocatalysis reactions. The CBS reduction and proline catalysed aldol condensation are prominent examples. In brewing, proteins rich in proline combine with polyphenols to produce haze (turbidity). [25] L-Proline is an osmoprotectant and therefore is used in many ...
When plant roots are exposed to mercuric chloride, which is known to inhibit aquaporins, the flow of water is greatly reduced while the flow of ions is not, supporting the view that there exists a mechanism for water transport independent of the transport of ions: aquaporins. [42]
Several reaction mechanisms for the triketone reaction have been proposed over the years. Hajos and Parrish proposed the enamine mechanism in their paper [2]. However, their experiment with a stoichiometric amount of labeled water (H 2 18 O) supported a carbinolamine mechanism. Therefore, Hajos put forward (1974) a hemiaminal intermediate. [2]
In protein, hydroxyproline is incorporated into protein by hydroxylation of proline. Pipecolic acid, a heavier analog of proline, is found in efrapeptin. Sarcosine is a N-methylized glycine so its methyl group is used in many biochemical reactions. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, which is a smaller homolog of proline in plants.
Addition of 20-30 mol% proline to acetone or hydroxyacetone catalyzes their addition to a diverse set of aldehydes with high (>99%) enantioselectivity yielding diol products. [39] [40] [41] Proline and proline derivatives have been implemented as organocatalysts to promote asymmetric condensation reactions. An example of such a reaction ...
Arginine and proline metabolism is one of the central pathways for the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and proline from glutamate. The pathways linking arginine, glutamate, and proline are bidirectional. Thus, the net utilization or production of these amino acids is highly dependent on cell type and developmental stage.