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In polymer chemistry, emulsion polymerization is a type of radical polymerization that usually starts with an emulsion incorporating water, monomers, and surfactants.The most common type of emulsion polymerization is an oil-in-water emulsion, in which droplets of monomer (the oil) are emulsified (with surfactants) in a continuous phase of water.
Polymerization occurs where the two phases meet, at the interface. Interfacial polymerization is a type of step-growth polymerization in which polymerization occurs at the interface between two immiscible phases (generally two liquids), resulting in a polymer that is constrained to the interface.
Carbazole electrochemically oxidizes to a conductive polymer, which has not achieved substantial industrial use. [20] Polyvinylcarbazole is useful in the electrical and electronic industries, and certain carbazole novolaks are extremely heat resistant. [4] In organic chemistry, carbazole proper is also an ingredient for several bioactive molecules.
For example, for the polymerization of ethylene, 93.6 kJ of energy are released per mole of monomer. [8] The manner in which polymerization is conducted is a highly evolved technology. Methods include emulsion polymerization, solution polymerization, suspension polymerization, and precipitation polymerization.
Dispersion polymerization can produce nearly monodisperse polymer particles of 0.1–15 micrometers (μm). This is important because it fills the gap between particle size generated by conventional emulsion polymerization (0.006–0.7 μm) in batch process and that of suspension polymerization (50–1000 μm). [4]
It is produced by the vinylation of carbazole with acetylene in the presence of base. [6] Related compounds. Carbazole; References This page was last edited on ...
Borsche–Drechsel cyclization is the central step in Borsche–Drechsel carbazole synthesis, where in the first step phenylhydrazine is condensed with cyclohexanone to form the cyclohexanone phenylhydrazone, and in the final step the resulting tetrahydrocarbazole is oxidized to carbazole itself.
Radical polymerization; Random graph theory of gelation; Reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization; Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization; Ring-opening metathesis polymerisation; Ring-opening polymerization