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Rubella virus specific IgM antibodies are present in people recently infected by rubella virus, but these antibodies can persist for over a year, and a positive test result needs to be interpreted with caution. [25] The presence of these antibodies along with, or a short time after, the characteristic rash confirms the diagnosis. [26]
Rubella is seldom given as an individual vaccine and is often given in combination with measles, mumps, or varicella (chickenpox) vaccines. [19] [20] Below is the list of measles-containing vaccines: Rubella vaccine (standalone vaccine) Measles and rubella combined vaccine ; Measles, mumps and rubella combined vaccine (MMR vaccine) [21] [22] [23]
The genome encodes several non-coding RNA structures; among them is the rubella virus 3' cis-acting element, which contains multiple stem-loops, one of which has been found to be essential for viral replication. [12] The only significant region of homology between rubella and the alphaviruses is located at the NH2 terminus of non structural ...
The water-accessible surface area of an IgG antibody. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a type of antibody. Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in blood circulation. [1] IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG antibody has two paratopes.
The general stages of seroconversion for hepatitis B, where the line of detectability indicates seropositivity. In immunology, seroconversion is the development of specific antibodies in the blood serum as a result of infection or immunization, including vaccination.
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.
Agglutination of the beads in any of the dilutions is considered a positive result, confirming either that the patient's body has produced the pathogen-specific antibody (if the test supplied the antigen) or that the specimen contains the pathogen's antigen (if the test supplied the antibody).
One source states that the specificity of the test is high, virtually 100%, [7] Another source states that a number of other conditions can cause false positives. [5] Rarely, however, a false positive heterophile antibody test may result from systemic lupus erythematosus, toxoplasmosis, rubella, lymphoma and leukemia.