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A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source. Toadstool generally denotes one poisonous to humans. [ 1 ]
The English word "agaric" is still used for any gilled mushroom, which corresponds to Linnaeus's use of the word. [ 25 ] Although mycology was historically considered a branch of botany , the 1969 discovery [ 28 ] of fungi's close evolutionary relationship to animals resulted in the study's reclassification as an independent field. [ 29 ]
The English word fungus is directly adopted from the Latin fungus (mushroom), used in the writings of Horace and Pliny. [10] This in turn is derived from the Greek word sphongos (σφόγγος 'sponge'), which refers to the macroscopic structures and morphology of mushrooms and molds; [11] the root is also used in other languages, such as the German Schwamm ('sponge') and Schimmel ('mold').
Some characteristics of the mushroom-forming genera (marked with * below) can be less obvious or absent in tropical species. [15] [36] Distinguishing between Lactarius and Lactifluus based on morphology alone is quite difficult, as clear synapomorphies for both genera have yet to be identified. [17]
They contribute to the organic fraction of soil, and their growth releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere (see carbon cycle). Ectomycorrhizal extramatrical mycelium, as well as the mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, increase the efficiency of water and nutrient absorption of most plants and confers resistance to some plant ...
The fruit bodies of Leucocoprinus birnbaumii are agaricoid (mushroom-shaped) and occur singly or in small clumps. Cap: 2–7.5 cm wide in maturity, starting bulbous to cylindrical before expanding to hemispherical or conical and flattening or sometimes appearing umbonate with age. The surface is lemon yellow to sulphur yellow, smooth or ...
Bolbitius titubans, also known as Bolbitius vitellinus, and commonly known as the sunny side up [1] is a widespread species of mushroom found in America and Europe. It grows chiefly on dung or heavily fertilized soil, and sometimes on grass. It is nonpoisonous. [2]
Trichoderma infections have caused major crop losses and widespread epidemics in mushroom growing regions, with estimates of damages caused by infections totaling to tens of millions of dollars. Infected substrate leads to lower yields due to competition, and also causes mushrooms to be malformed, discolored, lesioned, and of lower mass than is ...