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Standard output is a stream to which a program writes its output data. The program requests data transfer with the write operation. Not all programs generate output. For example, the file rename command (variously called mv, move, or ren) is silent on success. Unless redirected, standard output is
Because quantization is a many-to-few mapping, it is an inherently non-linear and irreversible process (i.e., because the same output value is shared by multiple input values, it is impossible, in general, to recover the exact input value when given only the output value). The set of possible input values may be infinitely large, and may ...
I is the information rate in bits per second excluding error-correcting codes, B is the bandwidth of the channel in hertz , S is the total signal power (equivalent to the carrier power C ), and
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The corresponding frequency limit, in cycles per second , is cycle/sample × samples/second = /, known as the Nyquist frequency of the sampler. Therefore, () is usually the output of a low-pass filter, functionally known as an anti-aliasing filter. Without an anti-aliasing filter, frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency will influence the ...
For audio, this type of encoding reduces the number of bits required per sample by about 25% compared to PCM. Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation (ADPCM) is a variant of DPCM that varies the size of the quantization step, to allow further reduction of the required bandwidth for a given signal-to-noise ratio .
Output power for amplifiers is ideally measured and quoted as maximum Root Mean Square power output per channel, at a specified distortion level at a particular load, which, by convention and government regulation, is considered the most meaningful measure of power available on music signals, though real, non-clipping music has a high peak-to ...
An analog audio signal is a continuous signal represented by an electrical voltage or current that is analogous to the sound waves in the air. Analog signal processing then involves physically altering the continuous signal by changing the voltage or current or charge via electrical circuits.