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In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force. [1] It is also referred to as the moment of force (also abbreviated to moment). The symbol for torque is typically , the lowercase Greek letter tau. When being referred to as moment of force, it is commonly denoted by M.
The forces have a turning effect or moment called a torque about an axis which is normal (perpendicular) to the plane of the forces. The SI unit for the torque of the couple is newton metre. If the two forces are F and −F, then the magnitude of the torque is given by the following formula: = where
The moment of force, or torque, is a first moment: =, or, more generally, .; Similarly, angular momentum is the 1st moment of momentum: =.Momentum itself is not a moment.; The electric dipole moment is also a 1st moment: = for two opposite point charges or () for a distributed charge with charge density ().
often simply called moment or torque newton meter (N⋅m) mass: kilogram (kg) normal vector unit varies depending on context atomic number: unitless refractive index: unitless principal quantum number: unitless amount of substance: mole: power: watt (W) probability
The newton-metre or newton-meter (also non-hyphenated, newton metre or newton meter; symbol N⋅m [1] or N m [1]) [a] is the unit of torque (also called moment) in the International System of Units (SI). One newton-metre is equal to the torque resulting from a force of one newton applied perpendicularly to the end of a moment arm that is one ...
Despite this, in practice torque units are commonly called the foot-pound (denoted as either lb-ft or ft-lb) or the inch-pound (denoted as in-lb). [4] [5] Practitioners depend on context and the hyphenated abbreviations to know that these refer to neither energy nor moment of mass (as the symbol ft-lb rather than lbf-ft would imply).
The defining feature of a resultant force, or resultant force-torque, is that it has the same effect on the rigid body as the original system of forces. [1] Calculating and visualizing the resultant force on a body is done through computational analysis, or (in the case of sufficiently simple systems) a free body diagram.
The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force. The device is generally used over a range of engine speeds to obtain power and torque curves for the engine, since there is a non-linear relationship between torque and engine speed for most engine types. Power output in SI units may be calculated as follows: