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Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. [ 1 ] pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the activity of hydronium ions ( H +
Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH. Chemically, this happens when a proton donor gets added to the soil. The donor can be an acid, such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid, or carbonic acid. It can also be a compound such as aluminium sulfate, which reacts in the soil to release protons.
AASHTO Soil Classification System (from AASHTO M 145 or ASTM D3282) General Classification Granular Materials (35% or less passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve) Silt-Clay Materials (>35% passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve) Group Classification A-1 A-3 A-2 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-1-a A-1-b A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7 A-7-5 A-7-6 Sieve Analysis, % passing
These soils have permafrost (permanently frozen material) within one metre of the surface (2 m if the soil is strongly cryoturbated; i.e., disturbed by frost action). As permafrost is a barrier to roots and water, the active layer (seasonally thawed material) above it may become a saturated, semifluid material in spring.
The effect of pH on a soil is to remove from the soil or to make available certain ions. Soils with high acidity tend to have toxic amounts of aluminium and manganese. [116] As a result of a trade-off between toxicity and requirement most nutrients are better available to plants at moderate pH, [117] although most minerals are more soluble in ...
When the Colt Model 1860 was used by 19th century soldiers, they most often loaded the gun using paper cartridges. These cartridges consisted of a pre-measured load of black powder and a ball, or conical bullet, wrapped at its base in nitrated paper (paper that had been soaked in potassium nitrate and then dried, to make it more flammable ...
Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality. [3] It also refers to the soil's ability to supply plant/crop nutrients in the right quantities and qualities over a sustained period of time.
The BL 4.5 inch medium gun was a British gun used by field artillery in the Second World War for counter-battery fire. Developed as a replacement for the BL 60-pounder gun it used the same carriage as the BL 5.5-inch medium gun but fired a lighter round further. It had nothing in common with the QF 4.5 inch Howitzer or the QF 4.5 inch AA gun.