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By-elections to the House of Lords occur when vacancies arise among seats assigned to hereditary peers due to death, resignation, or disqualification. Candidates for these by-elections are limited to holders of hereditary peerages, and their electorates are made up of sitting Lords; in most cases the electorate are those sitting hereditary peers of the same party affiliation as the departed peer.
The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of November 2024, there are 801 hereditary peers: 30 dukes (including six royal dukes), 34 marquesses, 189 earls, 109 viscounts, and 439 barons (not counting subsidiary titles).
42 peers by the Conservative hereditary peers 15 peers, ready to serve as Deputy Speakers and in other offices, by the whole House of Lords The elections for officers of the House were held on 27 and 28 October 1999, while those for peers elected by party were held on 3 and 4 November; the results were proclaimed to the House on 29 October and ...
Many cases were heard by Lords with no legal education or experience, and this led to public discontent. It was suggested that more judges be appointed to the House of Lords, but it was not desired that their descendants continue to sit by virtue of the peerages they would have inherited had the judges been created hereditary peers. It was ...
Hereditary peers excluded under the House of Lords Act 1999 # Title Name Date succeeded [a] Introduction or Sat first in the Lords Qualifying title(s) [b] Aff. Ref. Royal family: The Duke of Edinburgh, KG, KT, OM, GBE, AC, QSO, PC: Philip Mountbatten: 20 Nov 1947 [c] 21 Jul 1948: XB [1] The Prince of Wales, KG, KT, GCB, QSO, PC: Charles ...
In the colonial cities on the Gulf of Mexico, New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, there arose the Creole peoples as a social class of educated free people of color, descended from white fathers and enslaved black or mixed-race women.
Long title: An Act to authorise the disclaimer for life of certain hereditary peerages; to include among the peers qualified to sit in the House of Lords all peers in the peerage of Scotland and peeresses in their own right in the peerages of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom; to remove certain disqualifications of peers in the peerage of Ireland in relation to the House ...
The current form of the British peerage has been a process of development. While the ranks of baron and earl predate the British peerage itself, the ranks of duke and marquess were introduced to England in the 14th century. The rank of viscount came later, in the mid-15th century. Peers were summoned to Parliament, forming the House of Lords.