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The voluntary hospital movement began in the early 18th century, with hospitals being founded in London by the 1710s and 20s, including Westminster Hospital (1719) promoted by the private bank C. Hoare & Co and Guy's Hospital (1724) funded from the bequest of the wealthy merchant, Thomas Guy. Other hospitals sprang up in London and other ...
The working lives of hospital doctors changed from the 1970s onwards, as career paths and work patterns became increasingly formalised. Set rules on hours were introduced in the 1970s and refined in the 1980s and 1990s to dramatically reduce the number of hours junior doctors were expected to contribute.
[4]: 2 In the period between 1910 and 1940, early healthcare plans formed into two models: a capitated plan (essentially an HMO), and a plan which paid service providers, such as the Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans. [4]: 2 One of the earliest examples is a 1910 "prepaid group plan" in Tacoma, Washington for lumber mills.
Rivett, G. C. The Development of the London Hospital System, 1823–1982 (first edition Kings Fund 1986) and second edition 1823–2013 via website www.nhshistory.net; Rivett, G. C. From Cradle to Grave, the history of the NHS 1948–1998. First Edition King's Fund 1998, and second edition 1948–2014 in two parts from website www.nhshistory.net.
The government constructed 40 hospitals, employed over 120 physicians, and treated well over one million sick and dying former slaves. The hospitals were short-lived, lasting from 1865 to 1870. Freedmen's Hospital in Washington, D.C. remained in operation until the late nineteenth century when it became part of Howard University. [5]
Most larger hospitals operated a school of nursing, which provided minimal training to young women, who in turn worked without pay. The graduates obtained RN status, but there was little professional work for them. Hospitals only hired a few; in the 1920s, 73 percent employed no graduate nurses, and only 12 percent employed five or more.
By the 1980s, individuals who considered themselves "consumers" of mental health services rather than passive "patients" had begun to organize self-help/advocacy groups and peer-run services. While sharing some of the goals of the earlier movement, consumer groups did not seek to abolish the traditional mental health system, which they believed ...
Following WWII, articles and exposés about the mental hospital conditions bombarded popular and scholarly magazines and periodicals. The COs from the 1946 Life exposé formed the National Mental Health Foundation, which raised public support and successfully convinced states to increase funding for mental institutions. [1]