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Gravity on the Earth's surface varies by around 0.7%, from 9.7639 m/s 2 on the Nevado Huascarán mountain in Peru to 9.8337 m/s 2 at the surface of the Arctic Ocean. [6] In large cities, it ranges from 9.7806 m/s 2 [7] in Kuala Lumpur, Mexico City, and Singapore to 9.825 m/s 2 in Oslo and Helsinki.
For two bodies, the parameter may be expressed as G(m 1 + m 2), or as GM when one body is much larger than the other: = (+). For several objects in the Solar System, the value of μ is known to greater accuracy than either G or M. The SI unit of the standard gravitational parameter is m 3 ⋅s −2.
The standard acceleration of gravity or standard acceleration of free fall, often called simply standard gravity and denoted by ɡ 0 or ɡ n, is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth. It is a constant defined by standard as 9.806 65 m/s 2 (about 32.174 05 ft/s 2).
At a fixed point on the surface, the magnitude of Earth's gravity results from combined effect of gravitation and the centrifugal force from Earth's rotation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] At different points on Earth's surface, the free fall acceleration ranges from 9.764 to 9.834 m/s 2 (32.03 to 32.26 ft/s 2 ), [ 4 ] depending on altitude , latitude , and ...
For example, at a radius of 6600 km (about 200 km above Earth's surface) J 3 /(J 2 r) is about 0.002; i.e., the correction to the "J 2 force" from the "J 3 term" is in the order of 2 permille. The negative value of J 3 implies that for a point mass in Earth's equatorial plane the gravitational force is tilted slightly towards the south due to ...
For example, the equation above gives the acceleration at 9.820 m/s 2, when GM = 3.986 × 10 14 m 3 /s 2, and R = 6.371 × 10 6 m. The centripetal radius is r = R cos( φ ) , and the centripetal time unit is approximately ( day / 2 π ), reduces this, for r = 5 × 10 6 metres, to 9.79379 m/s 2 , which is closer to the observed value.
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[1] Three model versions have been published: EGM84 with n=m=180, EGM96 with n=m=360, and EGM2008 with n=m=2160. n and m are the degree and orders of harmonic coefficients; the higher they are, the more parameters the models have, and the more precise they are. EGM2008 also contains expansions to n=2190. [1]