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The Mongols were highly tolerant of most religions during the early Mongol Empire, and typically sponsored several at the same time. At the time of Genghis Khan in the 13th century, virtually every religion had found converts, from Buddhism to Eastern Christianity and Manichaeanism to Islam.
Following the conquest of China and conversion of Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE) many Mongols there adopted Tibetan Buddhism which became the official religion of the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 CE). The Mongols believed in the spiritual powers of divine beings and sacred locations.
Islam in Mongolia is the religion of 105,500 people as of the 2020 census, corresponding to 3.2% of the population. [1] It is mostly the religion of the Kazakh ethnic minority residing in the areas of Bayan-Ölgii Province and Khovd Province in western Mongolia.
Rather than antagonize conquered peoples by suppressing their religion, the Mongols exempted religious leaders from taxation and allowed free practice of religion whether it be Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Manichaeism, Daoism or Islam.
Another area of Mongol life where women were actively involved was religion. The Mongols' religion had no sacred texts or particular ceremonies but was, rather, a mix of animism, ancestor worship, and shamanism.
The Mongol empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206. It extended from the Pacific Ocean to the Danube River and the Persian Gulf. At its greatest extent, it covered some 9 million square miles of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire in history.
The Mongols’ dominant religion was declared Tengrism – a Shamanist belief system, and a form of animism, where everything had a spiritual essence, even rocks, water, and plants. Despite this, there were substantial groups of people who followed Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Taoism.
Until in 1990 any religion closed in Mongolia. After democratic movement in 1990 all religion reopened. In 2002, there are about 180 religious temples and churches operating in Mongolia and more than 110 Buddhist monasteries and temples and about 70 Christian churches in Mongolia.
This article explores parallel processes in the Mongol empire (1206–1368) where ‘religion-making’ occurred in three areas: 1) a precise and legal definition of professional service estates among the conquered peoples that included the clergies of designated religions; 2) a broad and imprecise classification of nom or ‘way of life ...
Eventually, each of the successor states adopted the dominant religion of the local populations: the Mongol-ruled Chinese Yuan dynasty in the East (originally the Great Khan's domain) embraced Buddhism and Shamanism, while the three Western khanates adopted Islam.