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Lime softening (also known as lime buttering, lime-soda treatment, or Clark's process) [1] is a type of water treatment used for water softening, which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (deposits of calcium and magnesium salts) by precipitation.
In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re-generation process can precipitate scale that can interfere with sewage systems. [ 3 ] The slippery feeling associated with washing in soft water is caused by the weaker attraction of the soap to the water ions when the water has been stripped of its mineral content.
This is a list of software used to simulate the material and energy balances of chemical process plants. Applications for this include design studies, engineering studies, design audits, debottlenecking studies, control system check-out, process simulation, dynamic simulation, operator training simulators, pipeline management systems, production management systems, digital twins.
Dalecarlia Water Treatment Plant, Washington, D.C. Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it appropriate for a specific end-use. The end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment.
This process can be used to provide a convenient portable source of heat, as for on-the-spot food warming in a self-heating can, cooking, and heating water without open flames. Several companies sell cooking kits using this heating method. [12] It is a food additive used as an acidity regulator, a flour treatment agent and a leavener. [13]
He became known for the discovery of the phosphate of soda, and the process of lime softening of hard water the 'Clark process'. A Clark degree (°Clark) of water hardness is defined as one grain (64.8 mg) of CaCO 3 per Imperial gallon (4.55 litres) of water, equivalent to 14.254 ppm. and 10^5 parts of water
A process flow diagram (PFD) is a diagram commonly used in chemical and process engineering to indicate the general flow of plant processes and equipment. The PFD displays the relationship between major equipment of a plant facility and does not show minor details such as piping details and designations.
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow through the pipe and thermal conduction from the liquid to the outer pipe shell. Both effects will reduce the pipe's overall thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.